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- <div class="document" id="boost-pointer-container-library">
- <h1 class="title"><img alt="Boost" src="boost.png" /> Pointer Container Library</h1>
- <table class="docinfo" frame="void" rules="none">
- <col class="docinfo-name" />
- <col class="docinfo-content" />
- <tbody valign="top">
- <tr><th class="docinfo-name">Authors:</th>
- <td>Thorsten Ottosen</td></tr>
- <tr><th class="docinfo-name">Contact:</th>
- <td><a class="first reference external" href="mailto:nesotto@cs.aau.dk">nesotto@cs.aau.dk</a> or <a class="last reference external" href="mailto:tottosen@dezide.com">tottosen@dezide.com</a></td></tr>
- <tr class="organizations field"><th class="docinfo-name">Organizations:</th><td class="field-body"><a class="reference external" href="http://www.cs.aau.dk">Department of Computer Science</a>, Aalborg University, and <a class="reference external" href="http://www.dezide.com">Dezide Aps</a></td>
- </tr>
- <tr><th class="docinfo-name">Date:</th>
- <td>27th of October 2007</td></tr>
- <tr><th class="docinfo-name">Copyright:</th>
- <td>Thorsten Ottosen 2004-2007. Use, modification and distribution is subject to the Boost Software License, Version 1.0 (see <a class="reference external" href="http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt">LICENSE_1_0.txt</a>).</td></tr>
- </tbody>
- </table>
- <div class="section" id="overview">
- <h1>Overview</h1>
- <p>Boost.Pointer Container provides containers for holding heap-allocated
- objects in an exception-safe manner and with minimal overhead.
- The aim of the library is in particular to make OO programming
- easier in C++ by establishing a standard set of classes, methods
- and designs for dealing with OO specific problems</p>
- <ul class="simple">
- <li><a class="reference internal" href="#motivation">Motivation</a></li>
- <li><a class="reference external" href="tutorial.html">Tutorial</a></li>
- <li><a class="reference external" href="reference.html">Reference</a></li>
- <li><a class="reference external" href="guidelines.html">Usage guidelines</a></li>
- <li><a class="reference external" href="examples.html">Examples</a></li>
- <li><a class="reference external" href="headers.html">Library headers</a></li>
- <li><a class="reference external" href="faq.html">FAQ</a></li>
- <li><a class="reference internal" href="#upgrading-from-boost-v-1-33">Upgrading from Boost v. 1.33.*</a></li>
- <li><a class="reference internal" href="#upgrading-from-boost-v-1-34">Upgrading from Boost v. 1.34.*</a></li>
- <li><a class="reference internal" href="#upgrading-from-boost-v-1-35">Upgrading from Boost v. 1.35.*</a></li>
- <li><a class="reference internal" href="#upgrading-from-boost-v-1-66">Upgrading from Boost v. 1.66.*</a></li>
- <li><a class="reference internal" href="#future-developments">Future Developments</a></li>
- <li><a class="reference internal" href="#acknowledgements">Acknowledgements</a></li>
- <li><a class="reference internal" href="#references">References</a></li>
- </ul>
- <!-- - `Conventions <conventions.html>`_
- - `The Clonable Concept <reference.html#the-clonable-concept>`_
- - `The Clone Allocator Concept <reference.html#the-clone-allocator-concept>`_
- - `Pointer container adapters <reference.html#pointer-container-adapters>`_
- - `Sequence container classes <reference.html#sequence-containers>`_
- - `ptr_vector <ptr_vector.html>`_
- - `ptr_deque <ptr_deque.html>`_
- - `ptr_list <ptr_list.html>`_
- - `ptr_array <ptr_array.html>`_
- - `Associative container classes <reference.html#associative-containers>`_
- - `ptr_set <ptr_set.html>`_
- - `ptr_multiset <ptr_multiset.html>`_
- - `ptr_map <ptr_map.html>`_
- - `ptr_multimap <ptr_multimap.html>`_
- - `Indirected functions <indirect_fun.html>`_
- - `Class nullable <reference.html#class-nullable>`_
- - `Exception classes <reference.html#exception-classes>`_ -->
- </div>
- <div class="section" id="motivation">
- <h1>Motivation</h1>
- <p>Whenever a programmer wants to have a container of pointers to
- heap-allocated objects, there is usually only one exception-safe way:
- to make a container of smart pointers like <a class="reference external" href="../../smart_ptr/shared_ptr.htm">boost::shared_ptr</a>
- This approach is suboptimal if</p>
- <ol class="arabic simple">
- <li>the stored objects are not shared, but owned exclusively, or</li>
- </ol>
- <!-- -->
- <ol class="arabic simple" start="2">
- <li>the overhead implied by smart pointers is inappropriate</li>
- </ol>
- <p>This library therefore provides standard-like containers that are for storing
- heap-allocated or <a class="reference external" href="reference.html#the-clonable-concept">cloned</a> objects (or in case of a map, the mapped object must be
- a heap-allocated or cloned object). For each of the standard
- containers there is a pointer container equivalent that takes ownership of
- the objects in an exception safe manner. In this respect the library is intended
- to solve the so-called
- <a class="reference external" href="faq.html#what-is-the-polymorphic-class-problem">polymorphic class problem</a>.</p>
- <p>The advantages of pointer containers are</p>
- <ol class="arabic simple">
- <li>Exception-safe pointer storage and manipulation.</li>
- </ol>
- <!-- -->
- <ol class="arabic simple" start="2">
- <li>Notational convenience compared to the use of containers of pointers.</li>
- </ol>
- <!-- -->
- <ol class="arabic simple" start="3">
- <li>Can be used for types that are neither Assignable nor Copy Constructible.</li>
- </ol>
- <!-- -->
- <ol class="arabic simple" start="4">
- <li>No memory-overhead as containers of smart pointers can have (see <a class="footnote-reference" href="#id23" id="id2">[11]</a> and <a class="footnote-reference" href="#id25" id="id3">[12]</a>).</li>
- </ol>
- <!-- -->
- <ol class="arabic simple" start="5">
- <li>Usually faster than using containers of smart pointers (see <a class="footnote-reference" href="#id23" id="id4">[11]</a> and <a class="footnote-reference" href="#id25" id="id5">[12]</a>).</li>
- </ol>
- <!-- -->
- <ol class="arabic simple" start="6">
- <li>The interface is slightly changed towards the domain of pointers
- instead of relying on the normal value-based interface. For example,
- now it is possible for <tt class="docutils literal">pop_back()</tt> to return the removed element.</li>
- </ol>
- <!-- -->
- <ol class="arabic simple" start="7">
- <li>Propagates constness such that one cannot modify the objects via a <tt class="docutils literal">const_iterator</tt>.</li>
- </ol>
- <!-- -->
- <ol class="arabic simple" start="8">
- <li>Built-in support for deep-copy semantics via the <a class="reference external" href="reference.html#the-clonable-concept">the Clonable concept</a></li>
- </ol>
- <p>The disadvantages are</p>
- <ol class="arabic simple">
- <li>Less flexible than containers of smart pointers like <a class="reference external" href="../../smart_ptr/shared_ptr.htm">boost::shared_ptr</a></li>
- </ol>
- <p>When you do need shared semantics, this library is not what you need.</p>
- </div>
- <div class="section" id="upgrading-from-boost-v-1-33">
- <h1>Upgrading from Boost v. <tt class="docutils literal">1.33.*</tt></h1>
- <p>If you upgrade from one of these versions of Boost, then there has been one
- major interface change: map iterators now mimic iterators from <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">std::map</span></tt>.
- Previously you may have written</p>
- <pre class="literal-block">
- for( boost::ptr_map<std::string,T>::iterator i = m.begin(), e = m.end();
- i != e; ++i )
- {
- std::cout << "key:" << i.key();
- std::cout << "value:" << *i;
- i->foo(); // call T::foo()
- }
- </pre>
- <p>and this now needs to be converted into</p>
- <pre class="literal-block">
- for( boost::ptr_map<std::string,T>::iterator i = m.begin(), e = m.end();
- i != e; ++i )
- {
- std::cout << "key:" << i->first;
- std::cout << "value:" << *i->second;
- i->second->foo(); // call T::foo()
- }
- </pre>
- <p>Apart from the above change, the library now also introduces</p>
- <ul>
- <li><p class="first"><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">std::auto_ptr<T></span></tt> overloads:</p>
- <pre class="literal-block">
- std::auto_ptr<T> p( new T );
- container.push_back( p );
- </pre>
- </li>
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- ...
- vec.transfer( vec.begin(), list ); // now ok
- </pre>
- </li>
- </ul>
- <p>Also note that <a class="reference external" href="../../assign/index.html">Boost.Assign</a> introduces better support
- for pointer containers.</p>
- </div>
- <div class="section" id="upgrading-from-boost-v-1-34">
- <h1>Upgrading from Boost v. <tt class="docutils literal">1.34.*</tt></h1>
- <p>Serialization has now been made optional thanks to Sebastian Ramacher.
- You simply include <tt class="docutils literal"><boost/ptr_container/serialize.hpp></tt> or perhaps
- just one of the more specialized headers.</p>
- <p>All containers are now copy-constructible and assignable. So you can e.g. now
- do:</p>
- <pre class="literal-block">
- boost::ptr_vector<Derived> derived = ...;
- boost::ptr_vector<Base> base( derived );
- base = derived;
- </pre>
- <p>As the example shows, derived-to-base class conversions are also allowed.</p>
- <p>A few general functions have been added:</p>
- <pre class="literal-block">
- VoidPtrContainer& base();
- const VoidPtrContainer& base() const;
- </pre>
- <p>These allow direct access to the wrapped container which is
- sometimes needed when you want to provide extra functionality.</p>
- <p>A few new functions have been added to sequences:</p>
- <pre class="literal-block">
- void resize( size_type size );
- void resize( size_type size, T* to_clone );
- </pre>
- <p><tt class="docutils literal">ptr_vector<T></tt> has a few new helper functions to integrate better with C-arrays:</p>
- <pre class="literal-block">
- void transfer( iterator before, T** from, size_type size, bool delete_from = true );
- T** c_array();
- </pre>
- <p>Finally, you can now also "copy" and "assign" an <tt class="docutils literal">auto_type</tt> ptr by calling <tt class="docutils literal">move()</tt>:</p>
- <pre class="literal-block">
- boost::ptr_vector<T>::auto_type move_ptr = ...;
- return boost::ptr_container::move( move_ptr );
- </pre>
- </div>
- <div class="section" id="upgrading-from-boost-v-1-35">
- <h1>Upgrading from Boost v. <tt class="docutils literal">1.35.*</tt></h1>
- <p>The library has been fairly stable, but a few new containers have been supported:</p>
- <ul class="simple">
- <li><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">boost::ptr_unordered_set<T></span></tt> in <tt class="docutils literal"><boost/ptr_container/ptr_unordered_set.hpp></tt></li>
- <li><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">boost::ptr_unordered_map<Key,T></span></tt> in <tt class="docutils literal"><boost/ptr_container/ptr_unordered_map.hpp></tt></li>
- <li><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">boost::ptr_circular_buffer<T></span></tt> in <tt class="docutils literal"><boost/ptr_container/ptr_circular_buffer.hpp></tt></li>
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- <p>There are no docs for these classes yet, but they are almost identical to
- <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">boost::ptr_set<T></span></tt>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">boost::ptr_map<Key,T></span></tt> and <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">boost::ptr_array<T,N></span></tt>, respectively.
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- <ul class="simple">
- <li><a class="reference external" href="../../unordered/index.html">Boost.Unordered</a></li>
- <li><a class="reference external" href="../../circular_buffer/index.html">Boost.Circular Buffer</a></li>
- </ul>
- <p>Furthermore, <a class="reference external" href="ptr_inserter.html">insert iterators</a> have been added.</p>
- </div>
- <div class="section" id="upgrading-from-boost-v-1-66">
- <h1>Upgrading from Boost v. <tt class="docutils literal">1.66.*</tt></h1>
- <p>Starting with Boost v. <tt class="docutils literal">1.67.0</tt>, Boost.Pointer Container will use
- <a class="reference external" href="../../config/index.html">Boost.Config</a> to conditionally provide
- <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">std::unique_ptr</span></tt>-based interfaces in addition to, or instead of,
- interfaces using <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">std::auto_ptr</span></tt>. Details
- are on the <a class="reference external" href="compatible_smart_ptr.html">Compatible Smart Pointer</a>
- page, which also explains the convention in this documentation of using</p>
- <pre class="literal-block">
- <em>compatible-smart-ptr</em><T>
- </pre>
- <p>to indicate such conditional interfaces.</p>
- <p>For C++98/03 users, this change has no observable effect.</p>
- <p>For C++11/14 users, there is no effect on existing code that used
- previous versions of Boost.Pointer Container, but now all function
- overloads taking an <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">std::auto_ptr</span></tt> parameter are accompanied by an
- overload taking <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">std::unique_ptr</span></tt>. In the case of return types,
- <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">std::auto_ptr</span></tt> is still always used. Note however that until C++17,
- it is possible to construct <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">std::unique_ptr<T></span></tt> implicitly from
- <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">std::auto_ptr<T></span></tt>. Thus, users are free to modernize their code by
- replacing any explicit mention of <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">std::auto_ptr</span></tt> with
- <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">std::unique_ptr</span></tt>. This change falls just short of a
- search-and-replace conversion, as it is possible that some code may
- have relied on <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">std::auto_ptr</span></tt> being copyable. But such situations
- will result in compile-time errors which should be easy to fix.</p>
- <p>Although <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">std::auto_ptr</span></tt> is formally removed as of ISO C++17,
- certain compiler or standard library vendors have chosen to leave it
- in for backwards compatibility. For compilers and standard libraries
- where this is <em>not</em> the case, C++17 compilation of code using
- Boost.Pointer Container is not possible with Boost v. <tt class="docutils literal">1.66.*</tt> or
- earlier. This situation is fixed as of Boost v. <tt class="docutils literal">1.67.0</tt>.</p>
- </div>
- <div class="section" id="future-developments">
- <h1>Future Developments</h1>
- <p>There are indications that the <tt class="docutils literal">void*</tt> implementation has a slight
- performance overhead compared to a <tt class="docutils literal">T*</tt> based implementation. Furthermore, a
- <tt class="docutils literal">T*</tt> based implementation is so much easier to use type-safely
- with algorithms. Therefore I anticipate to move to a <tt class="docutils literal">T*</tt> based implementation.</p>
- <p>Furthermore, the clone allocator might be allowed to have state.
- This design requires some thought, so if you have good ideas and use-cases'
- for this, please don't hesitate to contact me.</p>
- <p>Also, support for Boost.Interprocess is on the todo list.</p>
- <p>There has been a few request for <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">boost::ptr_multi_index_container<T,...></span></tt>.
- I investigated how difficult it would be, and it did turn out to be difficult, albeit
- not impossible. But I don't have the resources to implement this beast
- for years to come, so if someone really needs this container, I suggest that they
- talk with me in private about how it can be done.</p>
- </div>
- <div class="section" id="acknowledgements">
- <h1>Acknowledgements</h1>
- <p>The following people have been very helpful:</p>
- <ul class="simple">
- <li>Bjørn D. Rasmussen for unintentionally motivating me to start this library</li>
- <li>Pavel Vozenilek for asking me to make the adapters</li>
- <li>David Abrahams for the <tt class="docutils literal">indirect_fun</tt> design</li>
- <li>Pavol Droba for being review manager</li>
- <li>Ross Boylan for trying out a prototype for real</li>
- <li>Felipe Magno de Almeida for giving fedback based on using the
- library in production code even before the library was part of boost</li>
- <li>Jonathan Turkanis for supplying his <tt class="docutils literal">move_ptr</tt> framework
- which is used internally</li>
- <li>Stefan Slapeta and Howard Hinnant for Metrowerks support</li>
- <li>Russell Hind for help with Borland compatibility</li>
- <li>Jonathan Wakely for his great help with GCC compatibility and bug fixes</li>
- <li>Pavel Chikulaev for comments and bug-fixes</li>
- <li>Andreas Hommel for fixing the nasty Metrowerks bug</li>
- <li>Charles Brockman for his many comments on the documentation</li>
- <li>Sebastian Ramacher for implementing the optional serialization support</li>
- </ul>
- </div>
- <div class="section" id="references">
- <h1>References</h1>
- <table class="docutils footnote" frame="void" id="id8" rules="none">
- <colgroup><col class="label" /><col /></colgroup>
- <tbody valign="top">
- <tr><td class="label">[1]</td><td>Matt Austern: <a class="reference external" href="http://www.cuj.com/documents/s=7990/cujcexp1910austern/">"The Standard Librarian: Containers of Pointers"</a> , C/C++ Users Journal Experts Forum.</td></tr>
- </tbody>
- </table>
- <table class="docutils footnote" frame="void" id="id10" rules="none">
- <colgroup><col class="label" /><col /></colgroup>
- <tbody valign="top">
- <tr><td class="label">[2]</td><td>Bjarne Stroustrup, "The C++ Programming Language", <a class="reference external" href="http://www.research.att.com/~bs/3rd_safe.pdf">Appendix E: "Standard-Library Exception Safety"</a></td></tr>
- </tbody>
- </table>
- <table class="docutils footnote" frame="void" id="id12" rules="none">
- <colgroup><col class="label" /><col /></colgroup>
- <tbody valign="top">
- <tr><td class="label">[3]</td><td>Herb Sutter, "Exceptional C++".</td></tr>
- </tbody>
- </table>
- <table class="docutils footnote" frame="void" id="id13" rules="none">
- <colgroup><col class="label" /><col /></colgroup>
- <tbody valign="top">
- <tr><td class="label">[4]</td><td>Herb Sutter, "More Exceptional C++".</td></tr>
- </tbody>
- </table>
- <table class="docutils footnote" frame="void" id="id14" rules="none">
- <colgroup><col class="label" /><col /></colgroup>
- <tbody valign="top">
- <tr><td class="label">[5]</td><td>Kevlin Henney: <a class="reference external" href="http://www.cuj.com/documents/s=7986/cujcexp2002henney/henney.htm">"From Mechanism to Method: The Safe Stacking of Cats"</a> , C++ Experts Forum, February 2002.</td></tr>
- </tbody>
- </table>
- <table class="docutils footnote" frame="void" id="id16" rules="none">
- <colgroup><col class="label" /><col /></colgroup>
- <tbody valign="top">
- <tr><td class="label">[6]</td><td>Some of the few earlier attempts of pointer containers I have seen are the rather interesting <a class="reference external" href="http://www.ntllib.org/asp.html">NTL</a> and the
- <a class="reference external" href="http://ootips.org/yonat/4dev/pointainer.h">pointainer</a>.
- As of this writing both libraries are not exceptions-safe and can leak.</td></tr>
- </tbody>
- </table>
- <table class="docutils footnote" frame="void" id="id17" rules="none">
- <colgroup><col class="label" /><col /></colgroup>
- <tbody valign="top">
- <tr><td class="label">[7]</td><td>INTERNATIONAL STANDARD, Programming languages --- C++, ISO/IEC 14882, 1998. See section 23 in particular.</td></tr>
- </tbody>
- </table>
- <table class="docutils footnote" frame="void" id="id18" rules="none">
- <colgroup><col class="label" /><col /></colgroup>
- <tbody valign="top">
- <tr><td class="label">[8]</td><td>C++ Standard Library Closed Issues List (Revision 27),
- Item 218, <a class="reference external" href="http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/lwg-closed.html#218">Algorithms do not use binary predicate objects for default comparisons</a>.</td></tr>
- </tbody>
- </table>
- <table class="docutils footnote" frame="void" id="id20" rules="none">
- <colgroup><col class="label" /><col /></colgroup>
- <tbody valign="top">
- <tr><td class="label">[9]</td><td>C++ Standard Library Active Issues List (Revision 27),
- Item 226, <a class="reference external" href="http://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/libstdc++/ext/lwg-active.html#226">User supplied specializations or overloads of namespace std function templates</a>.</td></tr>
- </tbody>
- </table>
- <table class="docutils footnote" frame="void" id="id22" rules="none">
- <colgroup><col class="label" /><col /></colgroup>
- <tbody valign="top">
- <tr><td class="label">[10]</td><td>Harald Nowak, "A remove_if for vector", C/C++ Users Journal, July 2001.</td></tr>
- </tbody>
- </table>
- <table class="docutils footnote" frame="void" id="id23" rules="none">
- <colgroup><col class="label" /><col /></colgroup>
- <tbody valign="top">
- <tr><td class="label">[11]</td><td><em>(<a class="fn-backref" href="#id2">1</a>, <a class="fn-backref" href="#id4">2</a>)</em> Boost smart pointer <a class="reference external" href="http://www.boost.org/libs/smart_ptr/smarttests.htm">timings</a></td></tr>
- </tbody>
- </table>
- <table class="docutils footnote" frame="void" id="id25" rules="none">
- <colgroup><col class="label" /><col /></colgroup>
- <tbody valign="top">
- <tr><td class="label">[12]</td><td><em>(<a class="fn-backref" href="#id3">1</a>, <a class="fn-backref" href="#id5">2</a>)</em> <a class="reference external" href="http://www.ntllib.org/asp.html">NTL</a>: Array vs std::vector and boost::shared_ptr</td></tr>
- </tbody>
- </table>
- <table class="docutils footnote" frame="void" id="id26" rules="none">
- <colgroup><col class="label" /><col /></colgroup>
- <tbody valign="top">
- <tr><td class="label">[13]</td><td>Kevlin Henney, <a class="reference external" href="http://www.two-sdg.demon.co.uk/curbralan/papers/europlop/NullObject.pdf">Null Object</a>, 2002.</td></tr>
- </tbody>
- </table>
- <hr><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
- <col class="field-name" />
- <col class="field-body" />
- <tbody valign="top">
- <tr class="field"><th class="field-name">Copyright:</th><td class="field-body">Thorsten Ottosen 2004-2006.</td>
- </tr>
- </tbody>
- </table>
- </div>
- </div>
- </body>
- </html>
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