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<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
<a name="variadic_macro_data.vmd_useful"></a><a class="link" href="vmd_useful.html" title="Useful variadic macros not in Boost PP">Useful variadic macros
    not in Boost PP</a>
</h2></div></div></div>
<div class="toc"><dl class="toc">
<dt><span class="section"><a href="vmd_useful.html#variadic_macro_data.vmd_useful.vmd_assert">Asserting
      and data types</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="vmd_useful/vmd_identity.html">Generating
      emptiness and identity</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="vmd_useful/vmd_empty_ppdata.html">Functionality
      for "empty" seqs and tuples</a></span></dt>
</dl></div>
<p>
      Previous sections of this documentation have explained how VMD can be used
      to parse VMD data types, as well as recognize emptiness.
    </p>
<p>
      Another area of functionality of VMD involves useful variadic macros, based
      on the previous functionality, which expands on similar macros already in Boost
      PP. These variadic macros can be divided into sections illustrating these areas
      of behavior:
    </p>
<div class="orderedlist"><ol class="orderedlist" type="1">
<li class="listitem">
          Expanded assertion macros
        </li>
<li class="listitem">
          Expanded identity functionality
        </li>
<li class="listitem">
          Expanded seq and tuple functionality for "empty" seqs and tuples
        </li>
</ol></div>
<p>
      Sub-sections for each of these now follow in the documentation.
    </p>
<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="variadic_macro_data.vmd_useful.vmd_assert"></a><a class="link" href="vmd_useful.html#variadic_macro_data.vmd_useful.vmd_assert" title="Asserting and data types">Asserting
      and data types</a>
</h3></div></div></div>
<p>
        The VMD macros for identifying data types work best when the macro logic
        can take different paths depending on the type of data being passed for a
        macro parameter. But occasionally the preprocessor metaprogrammer wants to
        simply verify that the macro parameter data is of the correct data type,
        else a preprocessing error should be generated to notify the programmer invoking
        the macro that the data passed is the incorrect type.
      </p>
<h5>
<a name="variadic_macro_data.vmd_useful.vmd_assert.h0"></a>
        <span class="phrase"><a name="variadic_macro_data.vmd_useful.vmd_assert.using_boost_vmd_assert"></a></span><a class="link" href="vmd_useful.html#variadic_macro_data.vmd_useful.vmd_assert.using_boost_vmd_assert">Using
        BOOST_VMD_ASSERT</a>
      </h5>
<p>
        The Boost PP library has a macro which produces a preprocessing error when
        the condition passed to it is 0. This macro is called BOOST_PP_ASSERT. The
        macro produces a preprocessor error by forcing a call to an internal macro
        with the wrong number of arguments. According to the C++ standard this should
        always cause an immediate preprocessing error for conforming compilers.
      </p>
<p>
        Unfortunately VC++ will only produce a warning when the wrong number of arguments
        are passed to a macro. Therefore the BOOST_PP_ASSERT macro does not produce
        a preprocessing error using VC++. Amazingly enough there appears to be no
        other way in which VC++ can be forced to issue a preprocessing error by invoking
        a macro ( if you find one please tell me about it ). However one can create
        invalid C++ as the output from a macro invocation which causes VC++ to produce
        a compiler error when the VC++ compiler later encounters the construct.
      </p>
<p>
        This is what the macro BOOST_VMD_ASSERT does. It takes the same conditional
        argument as BOOST_PP_ASSERT and it calls BOOST_PP_ASSERT when not used with
        VC++, otherwise if the condition is 0 it generates a compiler error by generating
        invalid C++ when used with VC++. The compiler error is generated by producing
        invalid C++ whose form is:
      </p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">typedef</span> <span class="keyword">char</span> <span class="identifier">BOOST_VMD_ASSERT_ERROR</span><span class="special">[-</span><span class="number">1</span><span class="special">];</span>
</pre>
<p>
        By passing a second optional argument, whose form is a preprocessing identifier,
        to BOOST_VMD_ASSERT you can generate the invalid C++ for VC++, if the first
        argument is 0, of the form:
      </p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">typedef</span> <span class="keyword">char</span> <span class="identifier">optional_argument</span><span class="special">[-</span><span class="number">1</span><span class="special">];</span>
</pre>
<p>
        instead. This may give a little more clarity, if desired, to the C++ error
        generated.
      </p>
<p>
        If the first conditional argument is not 0, BOOST_VMD_ASSERT produces no
        output.
      </p>
<h5>
<a name="variadic_macro_data.vmd_useful.vmd_assert.h1"></a>
        <span class="phrase"><a name="variadic_macro_data.vmd_useful.vmd_assert.boost_vmd_assert_usage"></a></span><a class="link" href="vmd_useful.html#variadic_macro_data.vmd_useful.vmd_assert.boost_vmd_assert_usage">BOOST_VMD_ASSERT
        Usage</a>
      </h5>
<p>
        To use the BOOST_VMD_ASSERT macro either include the general header:
      </p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">vmd</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">vmd</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">hpp</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
</pre>
<p>
        or include the specific header:
      </p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">vmd</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">assert</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">hpp</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
</pre>
<h5>
<a name="variadic_macro_data.vmd_useful.vmd_assert.h2"></a>
        <span class="phrase"><a name="variadic_macro_data.vmd_useful.vmd_assert.assertions_for_data_types"></a></span><a class="link" href="vmd_useful.html#variadic_macro_data.vmd_useful.vmd_assert.assertions_for_data_types">Assertions
        for data types </a>
      </h5>
<p>
        The data types have their own assertion macros. These are largely just shortcuts
        for passing the result of the identifying macros to BOOST_VMD_ASSERT. These
        assertion macros are:
      </p>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; ">
<li class="listitem">
            emptiness, BOOST_VMD_ASSERT_IS_EMPTY
          </li>
<li class="listitem">
            identifier, BOOST_VMD_ASSERT_IS_IDENTIFIER
          </li>
<li class="listitem">
            number, BOOST_VMD_ASSERT_IS_NUMBER
          </li>
<li class="listitem">
            array, BOOST_VMD_ASSERT_IS_ARRAY
          </li>
<li class="listitem">
            list, BOOST_VMD_ASSERT_IS_LIST
          </li>
<li class="listitem">
            seq, BOOST_VMD_ASSERT_IS_SEQ
          </li>
<li class="listitem">
            tuple, BOOST_VMD_ASSERT_IS_TUPLE
          </li>
<li class="listitem">
            type, BOOST_VMD_ASSERT_IS_TYPE
          </li>
</ul></div>
<p>
        Each of these macros take as parameters the exact same argument as their
        corresponding identifying macros. But instead of returning non-zero or 0,
        each of these macros produce a compiler error if the type of the input is
        not correct.
      </p>
<p>
        Each of these macros only check for its assertion when the macro BOOST_VMD_ASSERT_DATA
        is set to 1. By default BOOST_VMD_ASSERT_DATA is only set to 1 in compiler
        debug mode. The programmer can manually set BOOST_VMD_ASSERT_DATA to 1 prior
        to using one the data types assert macros if he wishes.
      </p>
<h5>
<a name="variadic_macro_data.vmd_useful.vmd_assert.h3"></a>
        <span class="phrase"><a name="variadic_macro_data.vmd_useful.vmd_assert.boost_vmd_assert_usage0"></a></span><a class="link" href="vmd_useful.html#variadic_macro_data.vmd_useful.vmd_assert.boost_vmd_assert_usage0">BOOST_VMD_ASSERT_...
        Usage</a>
      </h5>
<p>
        To use the individual BOOST_VMD_ASSERT_... macros either include the general
        header:
      </p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">vmd</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">vmd</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">hpp</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
</pre>
<p>
        or include the specific header:
      </p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">vmd</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">assert_is_empty</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">hpp</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="comment">// BOOST_VMD_ASSERT_IS_EMPTY</span>
<span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">vmd</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">assert_is_identifier</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">hpp</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="comment">// BOOST_VMD_ASSERT_IS_IDENTIFIER</span>
<span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">vmd</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">assert_is_number</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">hpp</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="comment">// BOOST_VMD_ASSERT_IS_NUMBER</span>
<span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">vmd</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">assert_is_array</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">hpp</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="comment">// BOOST_VMD_ASSERT_IS_ARRAY</span>
<span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">vmd</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">assert_is_list</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">hpp</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="comment">// BOOST_VMD_ASSERT_IS_LIST</span>
<span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">vmd</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">assert_is_seq</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">hpp</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="comment">// BOOST_VMD_ASSERT_IS_SEQ</span>
<span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">vmd</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">assert_is_tuple</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">hpp</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="comment">// BOOST_VMD_ASSERT_IS_TUPLE</span>
<span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">vmd</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">assert_is_type</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">hpp</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="comment">// BOOST_VMD_ASSERT_IS_TYPE</span>
</pre>
<h5>
<a name="variadic_macro_data.vmd_useful.vmd_assert.h4"></a>
        <span class="phrase"><a name="variadic_macro_data.vmd_useful.vmd_assert.assertions_and_vc"></a></span><a class="link" href="vmd_useful.html#variadic_macro_data.vmd_useful.vmd_assert.assertions_and_vc">Assertions
        and VC++ </a>
      </h5>
<p>
        The VC++ compiler has a quirk when dealing with BOOST_VMD_ASSERT and the
        data type assert macros. If you invoke one of the assert macros within another
        macro which would normally generate output preprocessor tokens, it is necessary
        when using VC++ to concatenate the result of the assert macro to whatever
        other preprocessor data is being generated, even if the assert macro does
        not generate an error.
      </p>
<p>
        As a simple example let us suppose we have a macro expecting a tuple and
        generating 1 if the tuple has more than 2 elements, otherwise it generates
        0. Ordinarily we could write:
      </p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">preprocessor</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">comparison</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">greater</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">hpp</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
<span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">preprocessor</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">control</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">iif</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">hpp</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
<span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">preprocessor</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">tuple</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">size</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">hpp</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
<span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">vmd</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">assert_is_tuple</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">hpp</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>

<span class="preprocessor">#define</span> <span class="identifier">AMACRO</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">atuple</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">\</span>
    <span class="identifier">BOOST_VMD_ASSERT_IS_TUPLE</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">atuple</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">\</span>
    <span class="identifier">BOOST_PP_IIF</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">BOOST_PP_GREATER</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">BOOST_PP_TUPLE_SIZE</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">atuple</span><span class="special">),</span> <span class="number">2</span><span class="special">),</span><span class="number">1</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="number">0</span><span class="special">)</span>
</pre>
<p>
        but for VC++ we must write
      </p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">preprocessor</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">cat</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">hpp</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
<span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">preprocessor</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">comparison</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">greater</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">hpp</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
<span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">preprocessor</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">control</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">iif</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">hpp</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
<span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">preprocessor</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">tuple</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">size</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">hpp</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
<span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">vmd</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">assert_is_tuple</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">hpp</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>

<span class="preprocessor">#define</span> <span class="identifier">AMACRO</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">atuple</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">\</span>
    <span class="identifier">BOOST_PP_CAT</span> <span class="special">\</span>
       <span class="special">(</span> <span class="special">\</span>
       <span class="identifier">BOOST_VMD_ASSERT_IS_TUPLE</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">atuple</span><span class="special">),</span> <span class="special">\</span>
       <span class="identifier">BOOST_PP_IIF</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">BOOST_PP_GREATER</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">BOOST_PP_TUPLE_SIZE</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">atuple</span><span class="special">),</span> <span class="number">2</span><span class="special">),</span><span class="number">1</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="number">0</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">\</span>
       <span class="special">)</span>
</pre>
<p>
        VC++ does not work correctly in the first instance, erroneously getting confused
        as far as compiler output is concerned. But by using BOOST_PP_CAT in the
        second condition VC++ will work correctly with VMD assertions.
      </p>
</div>
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