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  <title>Boost Function Object Adapter Library</title>
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  <h1>Improved Function Object Adapters</h1>

  <p>The header <a href="../../boost/functional.hpp">functional.hpp</a>
  provides enhancements to the function object adapters specified in the C++
  Standard Library (sections 20.3.5, through to 20.3.8). The enhancements are
  principally possible due to two changes:</p>

  <ol>
    <li>We use the Boost <tt><a href=
    "../utility/call_traits.htm">call_traits</a></tt> templates to avoid the
    problem of <a href="binders.html#refref">references to references</a>,
    and to improve the efficiency of <a href="mem_fun.html#args">parameter
    passing</a>.</li>

    <li>We use two <a href="function_traits.html">function object traits</a>
    class templates to avoid the need for <tt><a href=
    "ptr_fun.html">ptr_fun</a></tt> with the adapters in this library.</li>
  </ol>

  <h3>Contents</h3>

  <p>The header contains the following function and class templates:</p>

  <table border="1" cellpadding="5" summary="">
    <tr>
      <th align="left"><a href="function_traits.html">Function object
      traits</a></th>

      <td valign="top"><tt>unary_traits<br>
      binary_traits</tt></td>

      <td valign="top">Used to determine the types of function objects' and
      functions' arguments. Eliminate the necessity for
      <tt>ptr_fun</tt>.</td>
    </tr>

    <tr>
      <th align="left"><a href="negators.html">Negators</a></th>

      <td valign="top"><tt>unary_negate<br>
      binary_negate<br>
      not1<br>
      not2</tt></td>

      <td valign="top">Based on section 20.3.5 of the standard.</td>
    </tr>

    <tr>
      <th align="left"><a href="binders.html">Binders</a></th>

      <td valign="top"><tt>binder1st<br>
      binder2nd<br>
      bind1st<br>
      bind2nd</tt></td>

      <td valign="top">Based on section 20.3.6 of the standard.</td>
    </tr>

    <tr>
      <th align="left"><a href="ptr_fun.html">Adapters for pointers to
      functions</a></th>

      <td valign="top"><tt>pointer_to_unary_function<br>
      pointer_to_binary_function<br>
      ptr_fun</tt></td>

      <td valign="top">Based on section 20.3.7 of the standard. Not required
      for use with this library since the binders and negators can adapt
      functions, but may be needed with third party adapters.</td>
    </tr>

    <tr>
      <th align="left"><a href="mem_fun.html">Adapters for pointers to member
      functions</a></th>

      <td valign="top"><tt>mem_fun_t<br>
      mem_fun1_t<br>
      const_mem_fun_t<br>
      const_mem_fun1_t<br>
      mem_fun_ref_t<br>
      mem_fun1_ref_t<br>
      const_mem_fun_ref_t<br>
      const_mem_fun1_ref_t<br>
      mem_fun<br>
      mem_fun_ref</tt></td>

      <td valign="top">Based on section 20.3.8 of the standard.</td>
    </tr>
  </table>

  <h3>Usage</h3>

  <p>Using these adapters should be pretty much the same as using the
  standard function object adapters; the only differences are that you need
  to write <tt>boost::</tt> instead of <tt>std::</tt>, and that you will get
  fewer headaches.</p>

  <p>For example, suppose you had a <tt>Person</tt> class that contained a
  <tt>set_name</tt> function:</p>

  <blockquote>
    <pre>
class Person
{
  public:
    void set_name(const std::string &amp;name);
  // ...
};
</pre>
  </blockquote>

  <p>You could rename a bunch of people in a collection, <tt>c</tt>, by
  writing</p>

  <blockquote>
    <pre>
std::for_each(c.begin(), c.end(), 
              boost::bind2nd(boost::mem_fun_ref(&amp;Person::set_name), "Fred"));
</pre>
  </blockquote>

  <p>If the standard adapters had been used instead then this code would
  normally fail to compile, because <tt>set_name</tt> takes a reference
  argument. Refer to the comments in the <a href="binders.html#refref">binder
  documentation</a> to explain why this is so.</p>

  <h3>Compiler Compatibility</h3>

  <p>The header and <a href="test/function_test.cpp">test program</a> have been
  compiled with the following compilers:</p>

  <table border="1" cellpadding="5" summary="">
    <tr>
      <th>Compiler</th>

      <th>Comments</th>
    </tr>

    <tr>
      <td valign="top">Borland C++Builder 4 Update 2</td>

      <td valign="top">No known issues.</td>
    </tr>

    <tr>
      <td valign="top">Borland C++ 5.5</td>

      <td valign="top">No known issues.</td>
    </tr>

    <tr>
      <td valign="top">g++ 2.95.2</td>

      <td valign="top">No known issues.</td>
    </tr>

    <tr>
      <td valign="top">Microsoft Visual C++ Service Pack 3</td>

      <td valign="top">
        Compiler lacks partial specialisation, so this library offers little
        more than is provided by the standard adapters:

        <ul>
          <li>The <tt>call_traits</tt> mechanism is unable to prevent
          references to references, and so the adapters in this library will
          be usable in fewer situations.</li>

          <li>The <tt>function_traits</tt> mechanism is unable to determine
          the argument and result types of functions, therefore
          <tt>ptr_fun</tt> continues to be required to adapt functions.</li>
        </ul>
      </td>
    </tr>
  </table>

  <h3>Future Directions</h3>

  <p>This library's primary focus is to solve the problem of references to
  references while maintaining as much compatibility as possible with the
  standard library. This allows you to use the techniques you read about in
  books and magazines with many of today's compilers.</p>

  <p>In the longer term, even better solutions are likely:</p>

  <ol>
    <li>Several Boost members are working on expression template libraries.
    These will allow a more natural syntax for combining and adapting
    functions. As this is a new technology, it may be some time before it has
    matured and is widely supported by major compilers but shows great
    promise. In the meantime, the functional.hpp library fills the gap.</li>

    <li>The Standard Committee has recognised the problem of references to
    references occurring during template instantiation and has moved to fix
    the standard (see the <a href=
    "http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/cwg_active.html#106">C++
    standard core language active issues list</a>).</li>
  </ol>

  <h3>Author</h3>

  <p><a href="http://www.boost.org/people/mark_rodgers.htm">Mark Rodgers</a></p>

  <h3>Acknowledgements</h3>

  <p>Thanks to <a href="http://www.boost.org/people/john_maddock.htm">John Maddock</a> for
  suggesting the mechanism that allowed the function objects traits to work
  correctly. <a href="http://www.boost.org/people/jens_maurer.htm">Jens Maurer</a> provided
  invaluable feedback during the <a href=
  "http://www.boost.org/more/formal_review_process.htm">formal review process</a>.</p>
  <hr>

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  <p>Revised 
  <!--webbot bot="Timestamp" s-type="EDITED" s-format="%d %B, %Y" startspan -->02
  December, 2006<!--webbot bot="Timestamp" endspan i-checksum="38510" --></p>

  <p><i>Copyright &copy; 2000 Cadenza New Zealand Ltd.</i></p>

  <p><i>Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See
  accompanying file <a href="../../LICENSE_1_0.txt">LICENSE_1_0.txt</a> or
  copy at <a href=
  "http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt">http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt</a>)</i></p>
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