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- <title>Chapter 5. To/From Python Type Conversion</title>
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- <div class="chapter">
- <div class="titlepage"><div><div><h1 class="title">
- <a name="to_from_python_type_conversion"></a>Chapter 5. To/From Python Type Conversion</h1></div></div></div>
- <div class="toc">
- <p><b>Table of Contents</b></p>
- <dl class="toc">
- <dt><span class="section"><a href="to_from_python_type_conversion.html#to_from_python_type_conversion.boost_python_extract_hpp">boost/python/extract.hpp</a></span></dt>
- <dd><dl>
- <dt><span class="section"><a href="to_from_python_type_conversion.html#to_from_python_type_conversion.boost_python_extract_hpp.introduction">Introduction</a></span></dt>
- <dt><span class="section"><a href="to_from_python_type_conversion.html#to_from_python_type_conversion.boost_python_extract_hpp.class_template_extract">Class
- template <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">extract</span></code></a></span></dt>
- <dt><span class="section"><a href="to_from_python_type_conversion.html#to_from_python_type_conversion.boost_python_extract_hpp.class_template_extract_construct">Class
- template <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">extract</span></code> constructors
- and destructor</a></span></dt>
- <dt><span class="section"><a href="to_from_python_type_conversion.html#to_from_python_type_conversion.boost_python_extract_hpp.class_template_extract_observer_">Class
- template <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">extract</span></code> observer
- functions</a></span></dt>
- <dt><span class="section"><a href="to_from_python_type_conversion.html#to_from_python_type_conversion.boost_python_extract_hpp.example">Example</a></span></dt>
- </dl></dd>
- <dt><span class="section"><a href="to_from_python_type_conversion/boost_python_implicit_hpp.html">boost/python/implicit.hpp</a></span></dt>
- <dd><dl>
- <dt><span class="section"><a href="to_from_python_type_conversion/boost_python_implicit_hpp.html#to_from_python_type_conversion.boost_python_implicit_hpp.introduction">Introduction</a></span></dt>
- <dt><span class="section"><a href="to_from_python_type_conversion/boost_python_implicit_hpp.html#to_from_python_type_conversion.boost_python_implicit_hpp.function_template_implicit_conve">Function
- template <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">implicit_convertible</span></code></a></span></dt>
- <dt><span class="section"><a href="to_from_python_type_conversion/boost_python_implicit_hpp.html#to_from_python_type_conversion.boost_python_implicit_hpp.example">Example</a></span></dt>
- </dl></dd>
- <dt><span class="section"><a href="to_from_python_type_conversion/boost_python_lvalue_from_pytype_.html">boost/python/lvalue_from_pytype.hpp</a></span></dt>
- <dd><dl>
- <dt><span class="section"><a href="to_from_python_type_conversion/boost_python_lvalue_from_pytype_.html#to_from_python_type_conversion.boost_python_lvalue_from_pytype_.introduction">Introduction</a></span></dt>
- <dt><span class="section"><a href="to_from_python_type_conversion/boost_python_lvalue_from_pytype_.html#to_from_python_type_conversion.boost_python_lvalue_from_pytype_.class_template_lvalue_from_pytyp">Class
- template <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">lvalue_from_pytype</span></code></a></span></dt>
- <dt><span class="section"><a href="to_from_python_type_conversion/boost_python_lvalue_from_pytype_.html#to_from_python_type_conversion.boost_python_lvalue_from_pytype_.class_template_extract_identity">Class
- template <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">extract_identity</span></code></a></span></dt>
- <dt><span class="section"><a href="to_from_python_type_conversion/boost_python_lvalue_from_pytype_.html#to_from_python_type_conversion.boost_python_lvalue_from_pytype_.class_template_extract_member">Class
- template <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">extract_member</span></code></a></span></dt>
- <dt><span class="section"><a href="to_from_python_type_conversion/boost_python_lvalue_from_pytype_.html#to_from_python_type_conversion.boost_python_lvalue_from_pytype_.example">Example</a></span></dt>
- </dl></dd>
- <dt><span class="section"><a href="to_from_python_type_conversion/boost_python_opaque_pointer_conv.html">boost/python/opaque_pointer_converter.hpp</a></span></dt>
- <dd><dl>
- <dt><span class="section"><a href="to_from_python_type_conversion/boost_python_opaque_pointer_conv.html#to_from_python_type_conversion.boost_python_opaque_pointer_conv.introduction">Introduction</a></span></dt>
- <dt><span class="section"><a href="to_from_python_type_conversion/boost_python_opaque_pointer_conv.html#to_from_python_type_conversion.boost_python_opaque_pointer_conv.class_template_opaque_constructo">Class
- template <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">opaque</span></code> constructor</a></span></dt>
- <dt><span class="section"><a href="to_from_python_type_conversion/boost_python_opaque_pointer_conv.html#to_from_python_type_conversion.boost_python_opaque_pointer_conv.macro_boost_python_opaque_specia">Macro
- <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">BOOST_PYTHON_OPAQUE_SPECIALIZED_TYPE_ID</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">Pointee</span><span class="special">)</span></code></a></span></dt>
- </dl></dd>
- <dt><span class="section"><a href="to_from_python_type_conversion/boost_python_to_python_converter.html">boost/python/to_python_converter.hpp</a></span></dt>
- <dd><dl>
- <dt><span class="section"><a href="to_from_python_type_conversion/boost_python_to_python_converter.html#to_from_python_type_conversion.boost_python_to_python_converter.introduction">Introduction</a></span></dt>
- <dt><span class="section"><a href="to_from_python_type_conversion/boost_python_to_python_converter.html#to_from_python_type_conversion.boost_python_to_python_converter.class_template_to_python_convert">Class
- template <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">to_python_converter</span></code></a></span></dt>
- <dt><span class="section"><a href="to_from_python_type_conversion/boost_python_to_python_converter.html#to_from_python_type_conversion.boost_python_to_python_converter.example">Example</a></span></dt>
- </dl></dd>
- <dt><span class="section"><a href="to_from_python_type_conversion/boost_python_register_ptr_to_pyt.html">boost/python/register_ptr_to_python.hpp</a></span></dt>
- <dd><dl>
- <dt><span class="section"><a href="to_from_python_type_conversion/boost_python_register_ptr_to_pyt.html#to_from_python_type_conversion.boost_python_register_ptr_to_pyt.introduction">Introduction</a></span></dt>
- <dt><span class="section"><a href="to_from_python_type_conversion/boost_python_register_ptr_to_pyt.html#to_from_python_type_conversion.boost_python_register_ptr_to_pyt.function_register_ptr_to_python">Function
- <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">register_ptr_to_python</span></code></a></span></dt>
- <dt><span class="section"><a href="to_from_python_type_conversion/boost_python_register_ptr_to_pyt.html#to_from_python_type_conversion.boost_python_register_ptr_to_pyt.example">Example</a></span></dt>
- </dl></dd>
- </dl>
- </div>
- <div class="section">
- <div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
- <a name="to_from_python_type_conversion.boost_python_extract_hpp"></a><a class="link" href="to_from_python_type_conversion.html#to_from_python_type_conversion.boost_python_extract_hpp" title="boost/python/extract.hpp">boost/python/extract.hpp</a>
- </h2></div></div></div>
- <div class="toc"><dl class="toc">
- <dt><span class="section"><a href="to_from_python_type_conversion.html#to_from_python_type_conversion.boost_python_extract_hpp.introduction">Introduction</a></span></dt>
- <dt><span class="section"><a href="to_from_python_type_conversion.html#to_from_python_type_conversion.boost_python_extract_hpp.class_template_extract">Class
- template <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">extract</span></code></a></span></dt>
- <dt><span class="section"><a href="to_from_python_type_conversion.html#to_from_python_type_conversion.boost_python_extract_hpp.class_template_extract_construct">Class
- template <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">extract</span></code> constructors
- and destructor</a></span></dt>
- <dt><span class="section"><a href="to_from_python_type_conversion.html#to_from_python_type_conversion.boost_python_extract_hpp.class_template_extract_observer_">Class
- template <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">extract</span></code> observer
- functions</a></span></dt>
- <dt><span class="section"><a href="to_from_python_type_conversion.html#to_from_python_type_conversion.boost_python_extract_hpp.example">Example</a></span></dt>
- </dl></div>
- <div class="section">
- <div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
- <a name="to_from_python_type_conversion.boost_python_extract_hpp.introduction"></a><a class="link" href="to_from_python_type_conversion.html#to_from_python_type_conversion.boost_python_extract_hpp.introduction" title="Introduction">Introduction</a>
- </h3></div></div></div>
- <p>
- Exposes a mechanism for extracting C++ object values from generalized Python
- objects. Note that <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">extract</span><span class="special"><...></span></code> can also be used to "downcast"
- an <a class="link" href="object_wrappers/boost_python_object_hpp.html#object_wrappers.boost_python_object_hpp.class_object" title="Class object"><code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">object</span></code></a> to some specific <a class="link" href="concepts/objectwrapper.html" title="ObjectWrapper">ObjectWrapper</a>. Because invoking
- a mutable python type with an argument of the same type (e.g. <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">list</span><span class="special">([</span><span class="number">1</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="number">2</span><span class="special">]</span></code>) typically makes a copy of the argument
- object, this may be the only way to access the <a class="link" href="concepts/objectwrapper.html" title="ObjectWrapper">ObjectWrapper</a>'s
- interface on the original object.
- </p>
- </div>
- <div class="section">
- <div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
- <a name="to_from_python_type_conversion.boost_python_extract_hpp.class_template_extract"></a><a class="link" href="to_from_python_type_conversion.html#to_from_python_type_conversion.boost_python_extract_hpp.class_template_extract" title="Class template extract">Class
- template <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">extract</span></code></a>
- </h3></div></div></div>
- <p>
- <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">extract</span><span class="special"><</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">></span></code>
- can be used to extract a value of an arbitrary C++ type from an instance
- of <a class="link" href="object_wrappers/boost_python_object_hpp.html#object_wrappers.boost_python_object_hpp.class_object" title="Class object">object</a>.
- Two usages are supported:
- </p>
- <div class="orderedlist"><ol class="orderedlist" type="1">
- <li class="listitem">
- <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">extract</span><span class="special"><</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">>(</span><span class="identifier">o</span><span class="special">)</span></code>
- is a temporary object which is implicitly convertible to <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">T</span></code> (explicit conversion is also available
- through the object's function-call operator). However, if no conversion
- is available which can convert o to an object of type <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">T</span></code>, a Python TypeError exception will
- be raised.
- </li>
- <li class="listitem">
- <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">extract</span><span class="special"><</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">></span> <span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">o</span><span class="special">);</span></code>
- constructs an extractor whose <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">check</span><span class="special">()</span></code> member function can be used to ask
- whether a conversion is available without causing an exception to be
- thrown.
- </li>
- </ol></div>
- <pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">namespace</span> <span class="identifier">boost</span> <span class="special">{</span> <span class="keyword">namespace</span> <span class="identifier">python</span>
- <span class="special">{</span>
- <span class="keyword">template</span> <span class="special"><</span><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">></span>
- <span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="identifier">extract</span>
- <span class="special">{</span>
- <span class="keyword">typedef</span> <span class="identifier">unspecified</span> <span class="identifier">result_type</span><span class="special">;</span>
- <span class="identifier">extract</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">PyObject</span><span class="special">*);</span>
- <span class="identifier">extract</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="keyword">const</span><span class="special">&);</span>
- <span class="identifier">result_type</span> <span class="keyword">operator</span><span class="special">()()</span> <span class="keyword">const</span><span class="special">;</span>
- <span class="keyword">operator</span> <span class="identifier">result_type</span><span class="special">()</span> <span class="keyword">const</span><span class="special">;</span>
- <span class="keyword">bool</span> <span class="identifier">check</span><span class="special">()</span> <span class="keyword">const</span><span class="special">;</span>
- <span class="special">};</span>
- <span class="special">}}</span>
- </pre>
- </div>
- <div class="section">
- <div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
- <a name="to_from_python_type_conversion.boost_python_extract_hpp.class_template_extract_construct"></a><a class="link" href="to_from_python_type_conversion.html#to_from_python_type_conversion.boost_python_extract_hpp.class_template_extract_construct" title="Class template extract constructors and destructor">Class
- template <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">extract</span></code> constructors
- and destructor</a>
- </h3></div></div></div>
- <pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">extract</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">PyObject</span><span class="special">*</span> <span class="identifier">p</span><span class="special">);</span>
- <span class="identifier">extract</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="keyword">const</span><span class="special">&);</span>
- </pre>
- <div class="variablelist">
- <p class="title"><b></b></p>
- <dl class="variablelist">
- <dt><span class="term">Requires</span></dt>
- <dd><p>
- The first form requires that p is non-null.
- </p></dd>
- <dt><span class="term">Effects</span></dt>
- <dd><p>
- Stores a pointer to the Python object managed by its constructor
- argument. In particular, the reference count of the object is not
- incremented. The onus is on the user to be sure it is not destroyed
- before the extractor's conversion function is called.
- </p></dd>
- </dl>
- </div>
- </div>
- <div class="section">
- <div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
- <a name="to_from_python_type_conversion.boost_python_extract_hpp.class_template_extract_observer_"></a><a class="link" href="to_from_python_type_conversion.html#to_from_python_type_conversion.boost_python_extract_hpp.class_template_extract_observer_" title="Class template extract observer functions">Class
- template <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">extract</span></code> observer
- functions</a>
- </h3></div></div></div>
- <pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">result_type</span> <span class="keyword">operator</span><span class="special">()()</span> <span class="keyword">const</span><span class="special">;</span>
- <span class="keyword">operator</span> <span class="identifier">result_type</span><span class="special">()</span> <span class="keyword">const</span><span class="special">;</span>
- </pre>
- <div class="variablelist">
- <p class="title"><b></b></p>
- <dl class="variablelist">
- <dt><span class="term">Effects</span></dt>
- <dd><p>
- Converts the stored pointer to result_type, which is either T or
- T const&.
- </p></dd>
- <dt><span class="term">Returns</span></dt>
- <dd><p>
- An object of result_type corresponding to the one referenced by the
- stored pointer.
- </p></dd>
- <dt><span class="term">Throws</span></dt>
- <dd><p>
- <a class="link" href="high_level_components/boost_python_errors_hpp.html#high_level_components.boost_python_errors_hpp.class_error_already_set" title="Class error_already_set"><code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">error_already_set</span></code></a> and sets
- a <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">TypeError</span></code> if no
- such conversion is available. May also emit other unspecified exceptions
- thrown by the converter which is actually used.
- </p></dd>
- </dl>
- </div>
- <pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">bool</span> <span class="identifier">check</span><span class="special">()</span> <span class="keyword">const</span><span class="special">;</span></pre>
- <div class="variablelist">
- <p class="title"><b></b></p>
- <dl class="variablelist">
- <dt><span class="term">Postconditions</span></dt>
- <dd><p>
- None. In particular, note that a return value of true does not preclude
- an exception being thrown from operator result_type() or operator()().
- </p></dd>
- <dt><span class="term">Returns</span></dt>
- <dd><p>
- false only if no conversion from the stored pointer to T is available.
- </p></dd>
- </dl>
- </div>
- </div>
- <div class="section">
- <div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
- <a name="to_from_python_type_conversion.boost_python_extract_hpp.example"></a><a class="link" href="to_from_python_type_conversion.html#to_from_python_type_conversion.boost_python_extract_hpp.example" title="Example">Example</a>
- </h3></div></div></div>
- <pre class="programlisting"><span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="special"><</span><span class="identifier">cstdio</span><span class="special">></span>
- <span class="keyword">using</span> <span class="keyword">namespace</span> <span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">python</span><span class="special">;</span>
- <span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="identifier">Print</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">str</span> <span class="identifier">s</span><span class="special">)</span>
- <span class="special">{</span>
- <span class="comment">// extract a C string from the Python string object</span>
- <span class="keyword">char</span> <span class="keyword">const</span><span class="special">*</span> <span class="identifier">c_str</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">extract</span><span class="special"><</span><span class="keyword">char</span> <span class="keyword">const</span><span class="special">*>(</span><span class="identifier">s</span><span class="special">);</span>
- <span class="comment">// Print it using printf</span>
- <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">printf</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"%s\n"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">c_str</span><span class="special">);</span>
- <span class="comment">// Get the Python string's length and convert it to an int</span>
- <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="identifier">extract</span><span class="special"><</span><span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">>(</span><span class="identifier">s</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">attr</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"__len__"</span><span class="special">)())</span>
- <span class="special">}</span>
- </pre>
- <p>
- The following example shows how extract can be used along with <a class="link" href="high_level_components.html#high_level_components.boost_python_class_hpp.class_template_class_t_bases_hel" title="Class template class_<T, Bases, HeldType, NonCopyable>"><code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">class_</span><span class="special"><...></span></code></a>
- to create and access an instance of a wrapped C++ class.
- </p>
- <pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="identifier">X</span>
- <span class="special">{</span>
- <span class="identifier">X</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">:</span> <span class="identifier">v</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">{}</span>
- <span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="identifier">value</span><span class="special">()</span> <span class="special">{</span> <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="identifier">v</span><span class="special">;</span> <span class="special">}</span>
- <span class="keyword">private</span><span class="special">:</span>
- <span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="identifier">v</span><span class="special">;</span>
- <span class="special">};</span>
- <span class="identifier">BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">extract_ext</span><span class="special">)</span>
- <span class="special">{</span>
- <span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">x_class</span><span class="special">(</span>
- <span class="identifier">class_</span><span class="special"><</span><span class="identifier">X</span><span class="special">>(</span><span class="string">"X"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">init</span><span class="special"><</span><span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">>())</span>
- <span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"value"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="special">&</span><span class="identifier">X</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">value</span><span class="special">))</span>
- <span class="special">;</span>
- <span class="comment">// Instantiate an X object through the Python interface. </span>
- <span class="comment">// Its lifetime is now managed by x_obj.</span>
- <span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">x_obj</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">x_class</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="number">3</span><span class="special">);</span>
- <span class="comment">// Get a reference to the C++ object out of the Python object</span>
- <span class="identifier">X</span><span class="special">&</span> <span class="identifier">x</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">extract</span><span class="special"><</span><span class="identifier">X</span><span class="special">&>(</span><span class="identifier">x_obj</span><span class="special">);</span>
- <span class="identifier">assert</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">value</span><span class="special">()</span> <span class="special">==</span> <span class="number">3</span><span class="special">);</span>
- <span class="special">}</span>
- </pre>
- </div>
- </div>
- </div>
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- <td align="right"><div class="copyright-footer">Copyright © 2002-2005, 2015 David Abrahams, Stefan Seefeld<p>
- Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying
- file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at <a href="http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt" target="_top">http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt</a>
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