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<title>Chapter&#160;5.&#160;To/From Python Type Conversion</title>
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<div class="chapter">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h1 class="title">
<a name="to_from_python_type_conversion"></a>Chapter&#160;5.&#160;To/From Python Type Conversion</h1></div></div></div>
<div class="toc">
<p><b>Table of Contents</b></p>
<dl class="toc">
<dt><span class="section"><a href="to_from_python_type_conversion.html#to_from_python_type_conversion.boost_python_extract_hpp">boost/python/extract.hpp</a></span></dt>
<dd><dl>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="to_from_python_type_conversion.html#to_from_python_type_conversion.boost_python_extract_hpp.introduction">Introduction</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="to_from_python_type_conversion.html#to_from_python_type_conversion.boost_python_extract_hpp.class_template_extract">Class
        template <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">extract</span></code></a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="to_from_python_type_conversion.html#to_from_python_type_conversion.boost_python_extract_hpp.class_template_extract_construct">Class
        template <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">extract</span></code> constructors
        and destructor</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="to_from_python_type_conversion.html#to_from_python_type_conversion.boost_python_extract_hpp.class_template_extract_observer_">Class
        template <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">extract</span></code> observer
        functions</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="to_from_python_type_conversion.html#to_from_python_type_conversion.boost_python_extract_hpp.example">Example</a></span></dt>
</dl></dd>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="to_from_python_type_conversion/boost_python_implicit_hpp.html">boost/python/implicit.hpp</a></span></dt>
<dd><dl>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="to_from_python_type_conversion/boost_python_implicit_hpp.html#to_from_python_type_conversion.boost_python_implicit_hpp.introduction">Introduction</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="to_from_python_type_conversion/boost_python_implicit_hpp.html#to_from_python_type_conversion.boost_python_implicit_hpp.function_template_implicit_conve">Function
        template <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">implicit_convertible</span></code></a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="to_from_python_type_conversion/boost_python_implicit_hpp.html#to_from_python_type_conversion.boost_python_implicit_hpp.example">Example</a></span></dt>
</dl></dd>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="to_from_python_type_conversion/boost_python_lvalue_from_pytype_.html">boost/python/lvalue_from_pytype.hpp</a></span></dt>
<dd><dl>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="to_from_python_type_conversion/boost_python_lvalue_from_pytype_.html#to_from_python_type_conversion.boost_python_lvalue_from_pytype_.introduction">Introduction</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="to_from_python_type_conversion/boost_python_lvalue_from_pytype_.html#to_from_python_type_conversion.boost_python_lvalue_from_pytype_.class_template_lvalue_from_pytyp">Class
        template <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">lvalue_from_pytype</span></code></a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="to_from_python_type_conversion/boost_python_lvalue_from_pytype_.html#to_from_python_type_conversion.boost_python_lvalue_from_pytype_.class_template_extract_identity">Class
        template <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">extract_identity</span></code></a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="to_from_python_type_conversion/boost_python_lvalue_from_pytype_.html#to_from_python_type_conversion.boost_python_lvalue_from_pytype_.class_template_extract_member">Class
        template <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">extract_member</span></code></a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="to_from_python_type_conversion/boost_python_lvalue_from_pytype_.html#to_from_python_type_conversion.boost_python_lvalue_from_pytype_.example">Example</a></span></dt>
</dl></dd>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="to_from_python_type_conversion/boost_python_opaque_pointer_conv.html">boost/python/opaque_pointer_converter.hpp</a></span></dt>
<dd><dl>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="to_from_python_type_conversion/boost_python_opaque_pointer_conv.html#to_from_python_type_conversion.boost_python_opaque_pointer_conv.introduction">Introduction</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="to_from_python_type_conversion/boost_python_opaque_pointer_conv.html#to_from_python_type_conversion.boost_python_opaque_pointer_conv.class_template_opaque_constructo">Class
        template <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">opaque</span></code> constructor</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="to_from_python_type_conversion/boost_python_opaque_pointer_conv.html#to_from_python_type_conversion.boost_python_opaque_pointer_conv.macro_boost_python_opaque_specia">Macro
        <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">BOOST_PYTHON_OPAQUE_SPECIALIZED_TYPE_ID</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">Pointee</span><span class="special">)</span></code></a></span></dt>
</dl></dd>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="to_from_python_type_conversion/boost_python_to_python_converter.html">boost/python/to_python_converter.hpp</a></span></dt>
<dd><dl>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="to_from_python_type_conversion/boost_python_to_python_converter.html#to_from_python_type_conversion.boost_python_to_python_converter.introduction">Introduction</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="to_from_python_type_conversion/boost_python_to_python_converter.html#to_from_python_type_conversion.boost_python_to_python_converter.class_template_to_python_convert">Class
        template <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">to_python_converter</span></code></a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="to_from_python_type_conversion/boost_python_to_python_converter.html#to_from_python_type_conversion.boost_python_to_python_converter.example">Example</a></span></dt>
</dl></dd>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="to_from_python_type_conversion/boost_python_register_ptr_to_pyt.html">boost/python/register_ptr_to_python.hpp</a></span></dt>
<dd><dl>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="to_from_python_type_conversion/boost_python_register_ptr_to_pyt.html#to_from_python_type_conversion.boost_python_register_ptr_to_pyt.introduction">Introduction</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="to_from_python_type_conversion/boost_python_register_ptr_to_pyt.html#to_from_python_type_conversion.boost_python_register_ptr_to_pyt.function_register_ptr_to_python">Function
        <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">register_ptr_to_python</span></code></a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="to_from_python_type_conversion/boost_python_register_ptr_to_pyt.html#to_from_python_type_conversion.boost_python_register_ptr_to_pyt.example">Example</a></span></dt>
</dl></dd>
</dl>
</div>
<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
<a name="to_from_python_type_conversion.boost_python_extract_hpp"></a><a class="link" href="to_from_python_type_conversion.html#to_from_python_type_conversion.boost_python_extract_hpp" title="boost/python/extract.hpp">boost/python/extract.hpp</a>
</h2></div></div></div>
<div class="toc"><dl class="toc">
<dt><span class="section"><a href="to_from_python_type_conversion.html#to_from_python_type_conversion.boost_python_extract_hpp.introduction">Introduction</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="to_from_python_type_conversion.html#to_from_python_type_conversion.boost_python_extract_hpp.class_template_extract">Class
        template <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">extract</span></code></a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="to_from_python_type_conversion.html#to_from_python_type_conversion.boost_python_extract_hpp.class_template_extract_construct">Class
        template <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">extract</span></code> constructors
        and destructor</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="to_from_python_type_conversion.html#to_from_python_type_conversion.boost_python_extract_hpp.class_template_extract_observer_">Class
        template <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">extract</span></code> observer
        functions</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="to_from_python_type_conversion.html#to_from_python_type_conversion.boost_python_extract_hpp.example">Example</a></span></dt>
</dl></div>
<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="to_from_python_type_conversion.boost_python_extract_hpp.introduction"></a><a class="link" href="to_from_python_type_conversion.html#to_from_python_type_conversion.boost_python_extract_hpp.introduction" title="Introduction">Introduction</a>
</h3></div></div></div>
<p>
          Exposes a mechanism for extracting C++ object values from generalized Python
          objects. Note that <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">extract</span><span class="special">&lt;...&gt;</span></code> can also be used to "downcast"
          an <a class="link" href="object_wrappers/boost_python_object_hpp.html#object_wrappers.boost_python_object_hpp.class_object" title="Class object"><code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">object</span></code></a> to some specific <a class="link" href="concepts/objectwrapper.html" title="ObjectWrapper">ObjectWrapper</a>. Because invoking
          a mutable python type with an argument of the same type (e.g. <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">list</span><span class="special">([</span><span class="number">1</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="number">2</span><span class="special">]</span></code>) typically makes a copy of the argument
          object, this may be the only way to access the <a class="link" href="concepts/objectwrapper.html" title="ObjectWrapper">ObjectWrapper</a>'s
          interface on the original object.
        </p>
</div>
<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="to_from_python_type_conversion.boost_python_extract_hpp.class_template_extract"></a><a class="link" href="to_from_python_type_conversion.html#to_from_python_type_conversion.boost_python_extract_hpp.class_template_extract" title="Class template extract">Class
        template <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">extract</span></code></a>
</h3></div></div></div>
<p>
          <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">extract</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&gt;</span></code>
          can be used to extract a value of an arbitrary C++ type from an instance
          of <a class="link" href="object_wrappers/boost_python_object_hpp.html#object_wrappers.boost_python_object_hpp.class_object" title="Class object">object</a>.
          Two usages are supported:
        </p>
<div class="orderedlist"><ol class="orderedlist" type="1">
<li class="listitem">
              <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">extract</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&gt;(</span><span class="identifier">o</span><span class="special">)</span></code>
              is a temporary object which is implicitly convertible to <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">T</span></code> (explicit conversion is also available
              through the object's function-call operator). However, if no conversion
              is available which can convert o to an object of type <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">T</span></code>, a Python TypeError exception will
              be raised.
            </li>
<li class="listitem">
              <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">extract</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">o</span><span class="special">);</span></code>
              constructs an extractor whose <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">check</span><span class="special">()</span></code> member function can be used to ask
              whether a conversion is available without causing an exception to be
              thrown.
            </li>
</ol></div>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">namespace</span> <span class="identifier">boost</span> <span class="special">{</span> <span class="keyword">namespace</span> <span class="identifier">python</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
  <span class="keyword">template</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
  <span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="identifier">extract</span>
  <span class="special">{</span>
      <span class="keyword">typedef</span> <span class="identifier">unspecified</span> <span class="identifier">result_type</span><span class="special">;</span>

      <span class="identifier">extract</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">PyObject</span><span class="special">*);</span>
      <span class="identifier">extract</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="keyword">const</span><span class="special">&amp;);</span>

      <span class="identifier">result_type</span> <span class="keyword">operator</span><span class="special">()()</span> <span class="keyword">const</span><span class="special">;</span>
      <span class="keyword">operator</span> <span class="identifier">result_type</span><span class="special">()</span> <span class="keyword">const</span><span class="special">;</span>

      <span class="keyword">bool</span> <span class="identifier">check</span><span class="special">()</span> <span class="keyword">const</span><span class="special">;</span>
  <span class="special">};</span>
<span class="special">}}</span>
</pre>
</div>
<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="to_from_python_type_conversion.boost_python_extract_hpp.class_template_extract_construct"></a><a class="link" href="to_from_python_type_conversion.html#to_from_python_type_conversion.boost_python_extract_hpp.class_template_extract_construct" title="Class template extract constructors and destructor">Class
        template <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">extract</span></code> constructors
        and destructor</a>
</h3></div></div></div>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">extract</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">PyObject</span><span class="special">*</span> <span class="identifier">p</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="identifier">extract</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="keyword">const</span><span class="special">&amp;);</span>
</pre>
<div class="variablelist">
<p class="title"><b></b></p>
<dl class="variablelist">
<dt><span class="term">Requires</span></dt>
<dd><p>
                The first form requires that p is non-null.
              </p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">Effects</span></dt>
<dd><p>
                Stores a pointer to the Python object managed by its constructor
                argument. In particular, the reference count of the object is not
                incremented. The onus is on the user to be sure it is not destroyed
                before the extractor's conversion function is called.
              </p></dd>
</dl>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="to_from_python_type_conversion.boost_python_extract_hpp.class_template_extract_observer_"></a><a class="link" href="to_from_python_type_conversion.html#to_from_python_type_conversion.boost_python_extract_hpp.class_template_extract_observer_" title="Class template extract observer functions">Class
        template <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">extract</span></code> observer
        functions</a>
</h3></div></div></div>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">result_type</span> <span class="keyword">operator</span><span class="special">()()</span> <span class="keyword">const</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="keyword">operator</span> <span class="identifier">result_type</span><span class="special">()</span> <span class="keyword">const</span><span class="special">;</span>
</pre>
<div class="variablelist">
<p class="title"><b></b></p>
<dl class="variablelist">
<dt><span class="term">Effects</span></dt>
<dd><p>
                Converts the stored pointer to result_type, which is either T or
                T const&amp;.
              </p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">Returns</span></dt>
<dd><p>
                An object of result_type corresponding to the one referenced by the
                stored pointer.
              </p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">Throws</span></dt>
<dd><p>
                <a class="link" href="high_level_components/boost_python_errors_hpp.html#high_level_components.boost_python_errors_hpp.class_error_already_set" title="Class error_already_set"><code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">error_already_set</span></code></a> and sets
                a <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">TypeError</span></code> if no
                such conversion is available. May also emit other unspecified exceptions
                thrown by the converter which is actually used.
              </p></dd>
</dl>
</div>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">bool</span> <span class="identifier">check</span><span class="special">()</span> <span class="keyword">const</span><span class="special">;</span></pre>
<div class="variablelist">
<p class="title"><b></b></p>
<dl class="variablelist">
<dt><span class="term">Postconditions</span></dt>
<dd><p>
                None. In particular, note that a return value of true does not preclude
                an exception being thrown from operator result_type() or operator()().
              </p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">Returns</span></dt>
<dd><p>
                false only if no conversion from the stored pointer to T is available.
              </p></dd>
</dl>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="to_from_python_type_conversion.boost_python_extract_hpp.example"></a><a class="link" href="to_from_python_type_conversion.html#to_from_python_type_conversion.boost_python_extract_hpp.example" title="Example">Example</a>
</h3></div></div></div>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">cstdio</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
<span class="keyword">using</span> <span class="keyword">namespace</span> <span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">python</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="identifier">Print</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">str</span> <span class="identifier">s</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
   <span class="comment">// extract a C string from the Python string object</span>
   <span class="keyword">char</span> <span class="keyword">const</span><span class="special">*</span> <span class="identifier">c_str</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">extract</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">char</span> <span class="keyword">const</span><span class="special">*&gt;(</span><span class="identifier">s</span><span class="special">);</span>

   <span class="comment">// Print it using printf</span>
   <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">printf</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"%s\n"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">c_str</span><span class="special">);</span>

   <span class="comment">// Get the Python string's length and convert it to an int</span>
   <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="identifier">extract</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">&gt;(</span><span class="identifier">s</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">attr</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"__len__"</span><span class="special">)())</span>
<span class="special">}</span>
</pre>
<p>
          The following example shows how extract can be used along with <a class="link" href="high_level_components.html#high_level_components.boost_python_class_hpp.class_template_class_t_bases_hel" title="Class template class_&lt;T, Bases, HeldType, NonCopyable&gt;"><code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">class_</span><span class="special">&lt;...&gt;</span></code></a>
          to create and access an instance of a wrapped C++ class.
        </p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="identifier">X</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
   <span class="identifier">X</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">:</span> <span class="identifier">v</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">{}</span>
   <span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="identifier">value</span><span class="special">()</span> <span class="special">{</span> <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="identifier">v</span><span class="special">;</span> <span class="special">}</span>
 <span class="keyword">private</span><span class="special">:</span>
   <span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="identifier">v</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="special">};</span>

<span class="identifier">BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">extract_ext</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
    <span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">x_class</span><span class="special">(</span>
       <span class="identifier">class_</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">X</span><span class="special">&gt;(</span><span class="string">"X"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">init</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">&gt;())</span>
          <span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"value"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="special">&amp;</span><span class="identifier">X</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">value</span><span class="special">))</span>
          <span class="special">;</span>

    <span class="comment">// Instantiate an X object through the Python interface. </span>
    <span class="comment">// Its lifetime is now managed by x_obj.</span>
    <span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">x_obj</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">x_class</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="number">3</span><span class="special">);</span>

    <span class="comment">// Get a reference to the C++ object out of the Python object</span>
    <span class="identifier">X</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">x</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">extract</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">X</span><span class="special">&amp;&gt;(</span><span class="identifier">x_obj</span><span class="special">);</span>
    <span class="identifier">assert</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">value</span><span class="special">()</span> <span class="special">==</span> <span class="number">3</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="special">}</span>
</pre>
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